symbols

purpose

definition

c|cc|ccc

vocation

initial consonant or consonant cluster demonstrate grar's area of grammatical vocation

[L|"r"]

transit direction

Liquid-consonants (y, w) or the "r" show transit direction relative to the kfiert the grar modifies

y - initial, 'from'
w - final, 'to'
r - intermediate, 'via'

v|vv

hierarchy

final vowel or vowel cluster demonstrate grar's hierarchical position in the phrase

s

affirmation

yes

affirming the previous statement when used with '_a.q'.

:sa.q: :a raid le hih xe buk q:

Yes, he reads the book.

:sa.q:

Yes.

d

association

passive, temporary (or near temporary) possession

my, your, 's

possessor of a thing

:a zut le hih tce c3s di mih q:

He sits in my chair.

dj

association

component

 my, your, 's

concept of which a focused thing is a part, component or characteristic

:a seis le herf dji mih ste gris q:

My hair is gray.

dv

association

active

of

thing/state/attribute/event actively associated with another thing/state/attribute/event

:a turk le mih xve frem dvi ii.'ma2k.ii q:

I work with the friend of Mark.

dw

association

ownership, permanent (or near permanent) possession

my, your, 's

owner of a thing

:a raid le xih xe buk dwi mih q:

They read my book.

dy

association

origin

by, from

thing/event whose activity is the cause of origin of an object or event or state

:a raid le mih xe buk dyi ii.'an_rais.ii q:

I read the book by Anne Rice.

zb

condition

conditioned

thus, so

conclusion

:a seis le hih xe spen dvi cih zbe.a seis le cih xe spen dvi hih 'q:

He is her spouse, thus she is his spouse.

zbw

condition

conditioned

next-in-sequence

then

combination of 'zb' and 'w' bases, meaning 'conditioned next-in-sequence'

:zbwa dzo2 le mih zve.a seis ste criin le liit 'q:

I [will] walk if the light is green.

zmw

condition

conditioned

alternate

next-in-sequence

otherwise, else

conditioned alternate next-in-sequence

else if = 'zmwe.zva'

:zva cauv le hfet zbwe.a godz le mih xre tren q, zmwe.a dzo2 le mih 'q:

If it rains, (then) I will go home via the train, otherwise (else) I will walk. 

zv

condition

conditioning

if

event or state which conditions another event or state

:zva seis ste criin le liit zbwe.a dzo2 le mih 'q:

I [will] walk if the light is green.

cf

state

equivalent

this is,

that

an equivalent concept, used also in the form 'cfe', or 'cfe.a' on diagrams or in clipped speak or declarations (to mean 'this is')

used in the form 'cfi.a' to create a 'generic' subordinate phrase (to mean 'that')

:a tav le mih ve lojsk cfi len vo loj q:

I speak Lojsk, the logical language.

:cfe pom:

(This is an) apple.

:a manj le botc xe pom cfi.a sitc tle ken tce lol 'q:

The boy eats the apple that was on the floor.

cm

state

label, proper name

this is,

that

name or label of a thing or event (see CMEN)

used also in the form 'cma' or 'cme' in clipped speak or introductions (to mean 'this is')

:a tav le mih xve botc cmi 'ta,mas.ii q:

I speak with the boy named Thomas.

:cma [a,ri,'an,o] le mick q:

I [am; my name is] Ariano.

:cme ['ma2k]:

(This is) Mark.

h

command

computer do

do

agent is the machine

:ha dyel q:

Delete previous (character).

hn

command

computer do not

don't

agent is the machine

:hna madz xe h'pelj q:

Do not load (internet) page.

hr

command

computer redo

redo

agent is the machine

:hra.q:

Redo

hy

command

computer undo

undo

agent is the machine

:hya.q:

Undo (last command).

hs

command

computer stop/arrest

stop, terminate

agent is the machine

:hsa madz xe h'pelj q:

Stop loading the (internet) page.

g

imperative

do

do

agent is implied to be audience

politeness, inferred from tone and manner of speaking

:ga raid xe buk q:

Read the book.

:ga.q:

Go Do

gn

imperative

do not

don't

agent is implied to be audience

politeness, inferred from tone and manner of speaking

:gna raid xe buk q:

Don't read the book

gr

imperative

redo

redo

agent is implied to be audience

politeness, inferred from tone and manner of speaking

:gra raid xe ptratc ri le6k q:

Re-read the chapter on electricity.

gy

imperative

undo

undo...

agent is implied to be audience

politeness, inferred from tone and manner of speaking

:gya baind xe mih q:

Un-bind me

gz

imperative

stop/arrest

stop..., terminate...

agent is implied to be audience

politeness, inferred from tone and manner of speaking

!gza manj xe pom q! :a seis le lih ste ven q:

Stop eating the apple! It's poisoned.

c

interrogative

what..? did..?

derived from the 'cuh' kfeirt; used to ask a yes/no question when in the 'grar di fanc' position (at beginning of phrase); may also be used to question specific elements of a statement when used as part of a grar vi luj (complex grammatical marker)

?ca raid le vih xe buk q?

Are you reading the book?

?a raid le mih x.ce buk q?

Is the thing I'm reading a book?

?ca.q?

What?

pc

Invitation

request grant

let's, let us

if no agent is explicitly identified then it is implied to be audience and speaker [vmih]

:pca raid xe buk q:

Let us read the book.

pn

invitation

grant not

you may not, he may not

refuse consent to do

:pna kran le vih xe ka2c q:

You may not drive the car.

ps

invitation

positive grant

you may, he may

give consent to do

:psa kran le vih xe ka2c q:

You may drive the car.

j

junction

conjunction

additional

and

NOTE: this grar must immediately follow after the first item to denote "and".

When acting as a conjunction between two separate phrases it may take the forms "ja.q", "je.a"

:a vis le mih xe botc je nil q:

I see a boy and a girl.

:a bait le mih xe gom je.a dzo2 te moc ksi mit 'q:

I chew gum and walk at the same time.

jm

junction

conjunction

optional

and either

NOTE: this grar must immediately follow after the first item to denote "and either".

When acting as a conjunction between two separate phrases it may take the forms "jma.q", "jme.a"

:a vis le mih xe botc jme nil me fem q:

I see a boy and either a girl or a woman.

w

junction

conjunction

next in sequence

[and] then

NOTE: this grar must immediately follow after the first item to denote "and then".

When acting as a conjunction between two separate phrases it may take the forms "wa.q", "we.a"

:a godz le mih tcwe has we.a tcwe pa2k 'q:

I go to the house, and then to the park.

y

junction

conjunction

previous in sequence

after

NOTE: this grar must immediately follow after the first item to denote "after".

When acting as a conjunction between two separate phrases it may take the forms "ya.q", "ye.a"

:a godz le mih tcwe has ye.a tcwe pa2k 'q:

I go to the house after [I go to] the park.

m

junction

disjunction

alternative

or

NOTE: this grar must immediately follow after the first item to denote mutual exclusivity.

When acting as a disjunction between two separate phrases it may take the forms "ma.q", "me.a"

:a manj le mih xe pom me no2j q:

I eat the apple or the orange.

:a lik me.a bait le mih xe pom 'q:

I lick or bite the apple.

:a godz le mih tcwe has me.a kran xe ka2c 'q:

I go to the house, or I drive the car.

v

Modification

modification restricting attribute manner

method

type, that is..., of which..., how, using, with, by

thing/state/attribute which restricts the meaning/definition of a focused thing/event/state/attribute (a defining/identifying characteristic)

:a raid le mih xe buk vi xun q:

I read the red book.

:a dzo2 ve kruk le mih tcwe has q:

I walk quickly to the house.

:a godz le mih tcwe has ve.a dzo2 le mih 'q:

I go home by means of walking.

?va.q?

How? What type?

n

negation

contradiction

exclusion (XOR)

no

and not, and not

contradicting a previous statement when used with '_a.q'.

negates an element when used in a simple or complex grar structure.

See section on Combining Grar Beginnings.

NOTE: this grar must immediately follow after the first item when used to denote exclusion.

:na.q: :a raid le xih xe buk q:

No, he is reading the book.

:na raid le xih xe buk q:

He isn't reading the book.

:a raid l.ne xih xe buk q:

It isn't HE that reads the book.

:a vis le mih xe botc ne nil q:

I see the boy but not the girl.

kc

number

accuracy

about, circa

the degree of accuracy

:a pos le mih xe rand vi dat ki cwat kco jiix q:

I have approximately three hundred data discs (CDs).

k

number

static

quantity, cardinal number

proportion, rate, distribution, per a

quantity of a thing or unit

basis or unit of proportion, rate or distribution (when used in combination with Time/Via 'tr-')

:a manj le mih xe pom ki twan q:

I eat the two apples.

:a manj le mih xe pom ki twan tre ho2t ko cwan q:

I eat two apples in three hours.

kf

number

degree

like, as

degree expressing similarity or difference

:a seis le mih ste feih kfe dun kfe g3k q:

I'm as ugly as the dog.

kfy

number

basis, comparison

as, like, in comparison to

thing/state/attribute used as a basis for expressing degree, and is also an important element of mathematical expressions

:a seis le mih ste feih kfe dun kfye g3k q:

I am as ugly as the dog.

ks

number

order or rank of position, state, quality, importance

first, second, etc.

ordinal state of a thing/event/state

:a raid le mih xe buk ksi mwan q:

I read the fifth book.

kt

number

occurrence

once, twice

number of times an event occurs

:a raid le mih xe buk kte twan q:

I read the book twice.

kw

number

final

to

final quantity of a thing or unit

:a muv le hih xe vrag kye twan kwe xwan q:

He moves the lever from two to six.

ky

number

initial

from

initial quantity of a thing or unit

:a muv le hih xe vrag kye twan kwe xwan q:

He moves the lever from two to six.

x

object

passive

object that is a passive participant in the event/state/value

:a raid le mih xe buk q:

I read the book.

xb

object

purpose/reason

to (do), for, because

purpose or reason of an event or agent of an event or a purpose of a thing which exists

:a godz le mih tcwe res pe.a manj 'q:

I go to the restaurant to eat.

xg

object

quote

He said (that)...  

(use xge.a ... 'xgq)

He said, "..."

(use xge ... xgq)

:a cuts tle kqn le hih xge.a godz tcwe has di ii.'ma2k.ii 'xgq:

He said he is going to Mark's house.

xr

object

instrument (tool)

with, using

concrete instrument to carry out an event (or establish a state)

:a manj le mih xe stas xre sput q:

I eat the soup with the spoon.

xv

object

active

with

object that is an active participant in the event/state/value

:a kamd le mih xve ii.'ma2k.ii q:

I fight with Mark.

xw

object

final

to

object toward which the activity is indirectly directed

:a raid le mih xe buk xwe ii.'ma2k.ii q:

I read the book to Mark.

xz

object

beneficiary

for

indirect related beneficiary of an event or state

:a dons le mih xe din xbe tceirt q:

I give money for the charity.

tc

place

static

at, on, in

place an event occurs or a state is true or a thing exists

:a valt le kat tce xaf dji tab q:

The cat jumps [while] on (not onto) the table.

tcr

place

via

via, through, by

intermediate place of an event

:a dzo2 le mih tcwe has tcre tuln q:

I walk to the house via the tunnel.

tcw

place

final

to

place an event ends or a state becomes false, destination of a thing

:a valt le kat tcwe xaf dji tab q:

The cat jumps onto the table top.

tcy

place

initial

from, of

place an event starts or a state becomes true, origin of a thing

:a valt le kat tcye xaf dji tab q:

The cat jumps from the table top.

ts

scene

static

in, on

virtual/metaphysical/abstract world/scene where an event occurs or state is true or a thing exists

:a seis le mih ste feih tse fot q:

I'm ugly in the photograph.

tsr

scene

via

via, through

via virtual / metaphysical / abstract world / scene where an event occurs or state is true or a thing exists

:a godz le hih tswe kinz tsre xreit q:

He goes to movies via the theatre.

tsw

scene

final

in, on, to

final virtual / metaphysical / abstract world / scene where an event occurs or state is true or a thing exists

:a godz le hih tsye tiv tswe kinz q:

He goes from television to movies.

tsy

scene

initial

in, on, from

initial virtual / metaphysical / abstract world / scene where an event occurs or state is true or a thing exists

:a godz le hih tsye tiv tswe kinz q:

He goes from television to movies.

st

state

static

 is

state/attribute/value of an object or event

:a seis le liit ste criin q:

The light is green.

:sta criin q:

[It] is green.

:sta.q: :ma.q: :st.na.q:

[To] be. Or, not [to] be.

str

state

via

intermediate state/attribute/value of an object or event

:a tceinj le liit stye criin stwe xun stre pel q:

The light changed from green [to] yellow to red.

stw

state

final

to

final state/attribute/value of an object or event

:a tceinj le liit stye criin stwe xun q:

The light changed from green to red.

sty

state

initial

from

initial state/attribute/value of an object or event

:a tceinj le liit stye criin stwe xun q:

The light changed from green to red.

l

subject

agent/executive/subject/thing with attribute

:a manj le mih q:

I eat.

t

time

static

at, when

time an event occurs or state is true

:a dzo2 le mih tcwe has te nict q:

I walk to the house at night.

tl

time

relative time

temporal aspect

[future, present, past]

"tense" of the function, denotes time of the function with respect to the speaker and point of the event on which the speaker is focused (used with 'temporal aspect' kfeirt)

:a dzo2 tle ten le mih tcwe has di mih q:

I will soon walk to my house.

tr

time

via

during, for

period of time during which an event occurs or a state exists as true

:a dzo2 le mih tre hort ki tyan q:

I walk for two hours.

tw

time

final

until, to

time an event ends or a state becomes false

:a dzo2 le mih twe.a tair tle tqf le mih 'q:

I walk until I become tired.

ty

time

initial

at, when, since

time an event starts or a state becomes true

:a dzo2 le mih tcwe has tye.a mul le mih xe.a raid xe buk 'q:

I [will] walk to the house when I finish reading the book.

r

topic

about, concerning, with respect to

topic of the event/state/thing

:a raid le mih xe buk ri len cmo 'lojsk.ii q:

I read the book about a language called Lojsk.